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A torque converter is actually a fluid coupling that is used to transfer rotating power from a prime mover, which is an internal combustion engine or as electrical motor, to a rotating driven load. The torque converter is similar to a basic fluid coupling to take the place of a mechanical clutch. This allows the load to be separated from the main power source. A torque converter can provide the equivalent of a reduction gear by being able to multiply torque when there is a considerable difference between input and output rotational speed.
The most common kind of torque converter utilized in automobile transmissions is the fluid coupling type. During the 1920s there was even the Constantinesco or pendulum-based torque converter. There are various mechanical designs for continuously variable transmissions that can multiply torque. Like for instance, the Variomatic is a kind that has a belt drive and expanding pulleys.
A fluid coupling is a 2 element drive that could not multiply torque. A torque converter has an extra element which is the stator. This changes the drive's characteristics all through times of high slippage and generates an increase in torque output.
In a torque converter, there are at least of three rotating elements: the turbine, in order to drive the load, the impeller which is driven mechanically driven by the prime mover and the stator. The stator is between the impeller and the turbine so that it could alter oil flow returning from the turbine to the impeller. Normally, the design of the torque converter dictates that the stator be prevented from rotating under whichever situation and this is where the word stator starts from. In point of fact, the stator is mounted on an overrunning clutch. This particular design prevents the stator from counter rotating with respect to the prime mover while still enabling forward rotation.
Alterations to the basic three element design have been integrated periodically. These alterations have proven worthy especially in application where higher than normal torque multiplication is considered necessary. Usually, these alterations have taken the form of various stators and turbines. Each and every set has been intended to generate differing amounts of torque multiplication. Various examples include the Dynaflow which makes use of a five element converter so as to generate the wide range of torque multiplication required to propel a heavy vehicle.
Even though it is not strictly a part of classic torque converter design, different automotive converters consist of a lock-up clutch to be able to reduce heat and to improve cruising power transmission effectiveness. The application of the clutch locks the turbine to the impeller. This causes all power transmission to be mechanical which eliminates losses connected with fluid drive.